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EVENTS & NEWS
Influence of furnace pressure
Release time:
Oct 13,2025
source:
Industrial Furnaces
When heating solid materials in an industrial furnace, while the desired process is primarily physical, chemical reactions inevitably occur between the charge and the surrounding medium. Generally, chemical reactions proceed faster at high temperatures than at room temperature, and this is no exception for the charge within the furnace.
In addition to reactions between the charge and the furnace floor, there are also reactions between the charge and the surrounding medium. These media can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. The gaseous medium is generally referred to as the furnace atmosphere. Sometimes, the charge is buried within a solid substance that releases gases at high temperatures, creating an atmosphere.
The chemical reactions between the charge and the atmosphere are not only temperature-dependent but, naturally, also depend on the composition of the charge and atmosphere. The charge is typically metal, but can also be ceramic. A comprehensive study of the interactions between the charge and the atmosphere belongs to metallurgy and ceramics textbooks, not to industrial furnace literature. Nevertheless, some basic chemical issues must be discussed here to understand the possibilities and limits of atmosphere control.
Furnace Atmosphere
Before discussing the above issues, it is important to have a correct understanding of the two distinct types of furnace atmospheres (other than air): 1. Natural or combustion atmospheres; 2. Artificially prepared atmospheres, which can be gaseous or liquid (if we extend the term "atmosphere").
Natural or combustion atmospheres contain varying degrees of complete combustion products: N₂, CO₂, H₂O, CO, H₂, O₂, and sometimes SO₂. Artificially prepared atmospheres primarily consist of N₂, CO, and H₂. At furnace operating temperatures, oxygen, when in contact with common metals, forms oxides or scales. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen reduce the oxides to metal.
Therefore, the terms "oxidizing atmosphere" and "reducing atmosphere" (both referring to the combustion products) were developed and adopted many years ago. A fleeting "neutral atmosphere" was also envisioned between the two. These terms were widely used before the reactions between metals and combustion products were fully understood.
Although it is now understood that a neutral atmosphere produced by combustion does not exist and that so-called reducing atmospheres can also oxidize common metals, the three atmosphere designations are still used. Figure 115 shows that not only oxygen but also carbon dioxide and water vapor are strong oxidants for steel, at least at furnace operating temperatures. This will be further demonstrated later.
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